One Step Further Beyond the Religious-Secular Paradigm

The Secular Benefits of Comparative Religious Education

Developmental Biology: Cell Intercalation One Step beyond

Formation of the primitive streak, the equivalent of the blastopore, is a critical step during the early development of amniote embryos. Medio-lateral cell intercalation and the planar cell polarity pathway play a role during this earliest step of gastrulation in the chick embryo.

The Secular Physician and the Religious Patient: Overcoming Religious Discordance in the Clinical Setting

Deciding how best to respond to a patient’s spiritual devotion can raise complex ethical challenges. This is particularly true for medical students and residents who may have little formal training in the area of religion and spirituality. This article explores the challenges inherent to the encounter between a secular physician or medical trainee and a religious patient. A clinical vignette is...

Beyond the One Step Greedy Approach in Reinforcement Learning

The famous Policy Iteration algorithm alternates between policy improvement and policy evaluation. Implementations of this algorithm with several variants of the latter evaluation stage, e.g, n-step and trace-based returns, have been analyzed in previous works. However, the case of multiple-step lookahead policy improvement, despite the recent increase in empirical evidence of its strength, has...

One step beyond a ribosome: The ancient anaerobic core

Life arose in a world without oxygen and the first organisms were anaerobes. Here we investigate the gene repertoire of the prokaryote common ancestor, estimating which genes it contained and to which lineages of modern prokaryotes it was most similar in terms of gene content. Using a phylogenetic approach we found that among trees for all 8779 protein families shared between 134 archaea and 18...